The defense budget is in the chart (judging from your reading skills, you went to a public school, didn't you?) and it comprises about 16% of the budget. Combined with the war on terror, the two make up about 25% of the budget, and if you add in homeland security, you get around 30% of the budget related to defense.
If you want I can use your source as well.
WIKIPEDIA
Mandatory spending: $2.173 trillion (+14.9%)
$695 billion (+4.9%) Social Security
$571 billion (+58.6%) Unemployment/Welfare/Other mandatory spending
$453 billion (+6.6%) Medicare
$290 billion (+12.0%) Medicaid
$164 billion (+18.0%) Interest on National Debt
US receipt and expenditure estimates for fiscal year 2010.
Discretionary spending: $1.378 trillion (+13.8%)
$663.7 billion (+12.7%) Department of Defense (including Overseas Contingency Operations)
$78.7 billion (−1.7%) Department of Health and Human Services
$72.5 billion (+2.8%) Department of Transportation
$52.5 billion (+10.3%) Department of Veterans Affairs
$51.7 billion (+40.9%) Department of State and Other International Programs
$47.5 billion (+18.5%) Department of Housing and Urban Development
$46.7 billion (+12.8%) Department of Education
$42.7 billion (+1.2%) Department of Homeland Security
$26.3 billion (−0.4%) Department of Energy
$26.0 billion (+8.8%) Department of Agriculture
$23.9 billion (−6.3%) Department of Justice
$18.7 billion (+5.1%) National Aeronautics and Space Administration
$13.8 billion (+48.4%) Department of Commerce
$13.3 billion (+4.7%) Department of Labor
$13.3 billion (+4.7%) Department of the Treasury
$12.0 billion (+6.2%) Department of the Interior
$10.5 billion (+34.6%) Environmental Protection Agency
$9.7 billion (+10.2%) Social Security Administration
$7.0 billion (+1.4%) National Science Foundation
$5.1 billion (−3.8%) Corps of Engineers
$5.0 billion (+100%-NA) National Infrastructure Bank
$1.1 billion (+22.2%) Corporation for National and Community Service
$0.7 billion (0.0%) Small Business Administration
$0.6 billion (−14.3%) General Services Administration
$0 billion (−100%-NA) Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP)
$0 billion (−100%-NA) Financial stabilization efforts
$11 billion (+275%-NA) Potential disaster costs
$19.8 billion (+3.7%) Other Agencies
$105 billion Other